The four main human cultures living in Torvalen are believed by scholars to have all originated across the sea in Utanar and Xusmalat, although the only truly historical evidence of this is available for the most recent immigrants, the Eshtem and Ranjari. All humans, despite their disparate origins, are able to interbreed and the legends and oral folk histories of both the Calmaxtec and Jolnir lend strong credence to the shared origin. However, these peoples’ histories are separated by gulfs of time and very different experiences that shaped their physiologies and cultures.